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NITRIFY.TXT
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1988-12-14
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NITRIFICATION
Nitrification is the process by which we consider ammonia and
organic nitrogen specifically, being broken down to nitrate
nitrogen. The form of nitrogen that is in raw sewage may be
biologically oxidized to nitrate after the carbonaceous oxygen
demand is met. Nitrification can be accomplished in a seperate
second stage of treatment (after carbonaceous treatment) or
accomplished along with carbonaceous treatment.
The degree of nitrification is wholly dependent upon solids
retention time under aeration. Temperature and pH are other
important factors. Temperature will affect carbonaceous treatment
by speeding up metabloism and rate of synthesis thereby
accomplishing carbonaceous stabalization quicker and decreasing the
overall time needed for nitrification. In hot climates, processes
have been documented as going into nitrification in as little as
three days solids retention time...but on the average, a retention
time of 10 days at 18°C is considered a mean retention time to
accomplish nitrification. A minimum loading rate of .25 lbs of BOD
per day per lb of MLVss (F/m) is considered necessary to accomplish
nitrification. A pH of 8.5 is considered optimum for nitrification
while at lower pH's the decrease in efficiency of Nitrogen
conversion is significantly reduced. At pH 7.0, nitrogen
conversion can be less than 50% of what it would be at pH 8.5 for
instance. A similar relationship exists with temperature where at
10°C, the rate of nitrogen conversion is about half as it is at
20°C. Oxygen demand is greatly increased to accomplish
nitrification.
TROUBLE GUIDE
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ indicators/observations│ cause │ check │ solution │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼────────────────┤
│1.decrese in nitrifi- │1a.need more │1a.akalin- │1a.if alkalinity│
│ cation pH with loss │alkalinity; │ity in eff.│is less than │
│ of nitrification │acidic levels│of aerator │30 mg/l start │
│ │1b.addition │1b.raw │addition of lime│
│ │of acidic │pH and alk.│or NaOH. │
│ │wastes to │ │1b.control │
│ │sewer │ │source of dump. │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼────────────────┤
│2.inability to complete-│2a.low oxygen│2a.D.O. min│2a.increase │
│ ly nitrify │2b.low temp. │ should be │ oxygen supply │
│ │2c.increase │ >1.0 ppm │ or decrease │
│ │ in infl. BOD│2b.therm. │ MLss. │
│ │ loading. │2c.infl. │2c.decrease │
│ │2d.activated │ levels of │ raw flow into │
│ │sludge too │ BOD │ aeration tank │
│ │low(MLVss) │2d.SRT │ or increase │
│ │2E.Peak NH4 │should be │ MLss │
│ │ concentra- │>10 days in│2d.add tankage │
│ │ tions exceed│temperature│for aeration; │
│ │ available │less than │increase SRT; │
│ │ oxygen. │18°C. │ pretreat raw │
│ │ │ │(air stripping │
│ │ │ │or chlorination)│
├────────────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼────────────────┤
│3.Loss of solids from │3.if not │3.hydraulic│3.increase │
│ final clarifier │hydraulic │flows and │return rates; │
│ │or mechanic- │clarifier │decrease SRT; │
│ │al then due │design load│increase raw │
│ │to denitrifi-│check set- │flow; create │
│ │cation │tleometer │anoxic zone in │
│ │ │testing for│aeration. │
│ │ │gas pockets│ │
│ │ │clumps, or │ │
│ │ │inverting │ │
│ │ │sludge in a│ │
│ │ │short time │ │
├────────────────────────┼─────────────│───────────│────────────────┤
│4.in a two stage system │4.Nitrifica- │4.Nitrates │4.Transfer │
│SVI of nitrified sludge │tion is occu-│in first │sludge from │
│is very high │ing in first │stage │first stage reac│
│ │stage reactor│ │tor to second │
│ │ │ │stage reactor │
│ │ │ │and lower SRT │
│ │ │ │in first reactor│
└────────────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴────────────────┘
Denitrification
Denitrification is accomplished by allowing oxygen levels to
fall into faculative conditions whereupon anaerobes and
faculative bacteria will be forced to obtain oxygen from the
converted nitrates(NO3) and nitrites(NO2) that are the products of
nitrification. This releases the nitrogen from the nitrite form
as nitrogen gas. This can cause problems if this happens while in
a clarifier as the nitrogen gas will cause the sludge blanket to
rise to the surface and cascade over the clarifier weirs. Anoxic
zones can be created in aeration bays or holding tanks where the
oxygen is held to very low levels creating the faculative
conditions that will allow the sludge to denitrify before
entering the clarifier. Care needs to be taken in such anoxic
zones that detention times do not carry the activated sludge into
septic conditions.